5 ideas
Science builds its picture of an objective, shared world by quietly removing the knowing subject from the domain being described. The observer becomes a spectator standing outside the world. This buys coherence and intersubjective agreement, but it guarantees that mind can never show up inside the resulting picture.
A physical account of light gives wavelengths and a physiological account gives nerve impulses, yet neither contains the experienced yellow or the heard tone. Every step of the objective description can be complete while the quality itself never appears. The gap shows what objectivation discards: the qualitative content of experience.
The 'arithmetical paradox' asks how many separate minds can build one shared world. Schrödinger resolves it by denying that minds are countable: there is only one consciousness, and the appearance of many is like one scene reflected in many mirrors. He draws this directly from the Vedantic identity of Atman and Brahman.
An action is conscious while it is new and still being learned, and it sinks into unconsciousness once it is practiced and automatic. On this view consciousness belongs to the nervous system's ongoing adaptation to new situations. It marks the leading edge of change in the organism.
Moral life is felt as a constant struggle against inherited, selfish impulses because it is the frontier where the species is still being reshaped. Self-denial is the conscious edge of that transformation, so ethical virtue is experienced as opposing our given nature. This explains why moral demands feel like demands against oneself.