Running out of boiling oil, 1537
At the siege of Turin in 1537, the young army surgeon Paré was following Giovanni da Vigo's doctrine that gunshot wounds were poisoned by gunpowder and had to be cauterised with boiling oil of elder. When his oil ran out, he dressed the remaining men with a cool mix of egg yolk, oil of roses and turpentine, then lay awake expecting them to die. At dawn the oil-burned soldiers were feverish, swollen and in great pain, while the others had slept and their wounds were calm, so he resolved never again to burn gunshot wounds.