6 ideas
Expelling the British while keeping their institutions, parliaments, armies, and industrial economy would produce 'English rule without the Englishman', a tiger's nature without the tiger. Swaraj is not a transfer of who holds power but a change in what kind of civilization power serves.
India was not conquered by force but given away, because Indians traded with the East India Company, served in its armies, and wanted its goods and profits. Rule persists only through the cooperation of the ruled, so it can be ended by withdrawing that cooperation.
Modern civilization measures progress by bodily comfort, speed, and the multiplication of wants, and it calls this advancement. Gandhi redefines true civilization as conduct that points people toward duty and mastery over their own minds and appetites, which makes the West's material progress look like moral decline.
Lawyers profit from quarrels and so have an interest in multiplying disputes. Doctors cure the consequences of indulgence and so remove the natural penalty that would teach restraint. Institutions that make harm cheaper to escape end up increasing the harm.
The means used determine the end reached, the way a seed determines its tree. Freedom won through violence and deceit will reproduce violence and deceit in the society that follows, so the method of struggle already contains the order it will create.
Passive resistance means refusing to obey an unjust law and willingly accepting the penalty, which harms only the resister. Gandhi calls it soul-force. It requires more courage than armed struggle, because the resister gives up the protection of violence while still refusing to submit.