Political and economic reform cannot succeed while the caste system remains intact, because caste divides the very people who would need to act together. Social reorganization is therefore a precondition for, not a consequence of, political change.
Caste is not a division of labour but a division of labourers into fixed, hereditary, graded compartments. Unlike economic occupation, it assigns people to work by birth and forbids movement, so it subordinates individual aptitude to inherited rank.
Caste survives through endogamy: the ban on intermarriage is what keeps groups permanently separate and reproduces the hierarchy across generations. Shared meals and other fusions matter less, so breaking caste requires breaking the marriage barrier specifically.
Appeals to reform behaviour are useless as long as people believe caste is divinely ordained by their sacred texts. Lasting change requires destroying belief in the religious authority of those texts, not merely criticizing the practices they justify.
Caste is not two classes but an ascending scale where each group looks down on those below and up at those above. Because everyone has someone to feel superior to, no group has a shared interest in overturning the whole system, which makes solidarity among the oppressed nearly impossible.
A society should be judged by the number and variety of shared interests consciously communicated between its members, that is, by fraternity. Caste fails this test because it walls off groups from associated living, so the fault is measured by severed contact, not just unequal status.