3 ideas
A person conditioned so that they cannot choose evil has not become good. They have become a mechanism, a 'clockwork orange' that is organic on the outside and machine-like within. Moral worth requires the capacity to choose wrongly, so a freely chosen wickedness keeps something human that an imposed virtue destroys.
When the state 'cures' criminals, ask whose problem the cure solves. The Ludovico Technique aims to empty the prisons and win elections, not to reform anyone's soul. When the treatment causes a public scandal, the government simply reverses it and co-opts Alex for publicity. On this view, both the reformers and their political opponents treat the offender as an instrument rather than a person.
In the final chapter, Alex, now eighteen and uncured, simply grows bored of violence and begins imagining a wife and son. His violence was a phase of immaturity that he outgrows through ordinary maturation. Real moral change comes from inside, through time and choice, and it cannot be installed from outside by technique.